Later research suggested that K448 can reduce the number of seizures in people with epilepsy.

In the April Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (UK), Professor John Jenkins assesses international evidence on the effect of music on the brain and calls for more work to be done to discover the key ingredient in the "Mozart Effect."

Background: Mozart, rats, and pre-school children

The original "Mozart effect" study in 1993 assessed volunteers' spatial reasoning after listening to sonata K448, relaxation tapes, or silence. Results suggested that just 10 minutes of Mozart's music improved their performance of tasks such as paper-cutting and folding.

Later studies found that rats negotiated a maze faster after hearing K448 than rats who were played white noise, silence, or minimalist music.

Elsewhere, children taught a keyboard instrument for six months, learning simple melodies (including Mozart), did better on spatial-temporal tests than children who spent the time working with computers.

Controversy arose when other researchers could not reproduce the positive results.

The "Yanni Effect"

It is not just Mozart's music which has been found to enhance spatial reasoning. Some contemporary music does too, including a piece by the Greek-American pianist/composer Yanni, who writes instrumental new age music with "similar structure" to K448.

Why it might work

Brain scans have shown that the human brain uses a wide distribution of areas to listen to music. Rhythm and pitch tend to be processed on the left side, timbre and melody on the right. Those parts of the brain which we use for spatial/temporal tasks actually overlap with the music processing parts. Professor Jenkins suggests that "listening to music would prime the activation of those areas of the brain which are concerned with spatial reasoning."

Epilepsy and the Mozart Effect

More recent work with epilepsy patients has indicated what Professor Jenkins calls "a more impressive indication of a Mozart effect." Once again, sonata K448 was played to participants, most of whom showed a decrease in their epileptiform activity -- the patterns in the brain that produce epileptic seizures.

The magic ingredient? Computer analysis of pieces by various composers showed that the music of Mozart and Bach shared a common factor, a high degree of "long-term periodicity" -- wave forms repeated regularly, but not very close together, throughout the piece of music.

In contrast, music which had no effect on either spatial reasoning or on epileptic seizures did not have this factor.

Professor Jenkins declares, "It is suggested that music with a high degree of long-term periodicity ... would resonate within the brain to decrease seizure activity and to enhance spatial-temporal performance."

He concludes that any health benefits of listening to music are "not specific to Mozart's compositions," and he calls for more research on music other than K448, with longer listening periods. For the benefits to be of real use, we need to discover exactly what musical criteria have to be present for the "Mozart effect" to take place, he declares.

(Reference: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, April 2001: J R Soc Med 2001;94:170-172.)

Related websites:

Real Audio of K448

Yanni info and audio

British Epilepsy Society

Background research

02-Apr-2001