The thinnest superconducting wires ever made -- only 10 nm wide -- have been used in an experiment showing how the superconducting state gets extinguished as the wire narrows. Just as traffic becomes more problematic as you reduce flow on an interstate from four lanes down to three and then down to two and finally to one lane, so electron pairs (or Cooper pairs, which constitute the supercurrent) moving through very thin passages are sensitive to quantum effects not noticeable in larger wires.
A quantum phase slip (QPS) is one such effect. It is a quantum fluctuation in which the superconducting wavefunction spontaneously tunnels from one state into another, a process which results in a momentary voltage, and therefore a nonzero electrical resistance, even if the temperature could somehow be reduced to absolute zero.
Armed with thin wires (10-20 nm) consisting of molybdenum-germanium deposited onto carbon nanotubes, Michael Tinkham (Tinkham@RSJ.Harvard.edu) and his colleagues at Harvard have conducted the most thorough study yet made of this phenomenon and have definitely shown that resistance goes up as the wire gets thinner.
The quantum resistance effect only becomes noticeable for wires below about 30 nm in size, far smaller than most wires used in today's computers, so there is no bottleneck yet.
Future advanced superconducting computers, however, might have trouble; by going to lower temperatures you can eliminate resistivity arising from thermal fluctuations, but not from quantum fluctuations. (Lau, et al., Physical Review Letters, 19 November 2001; text at this URL.)
(Editor's Note: This news story is based on PHYSICS NEWS UPDATE, the American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News Number 564, November 7, 2001, by Phillip F. Schewe, Ben Stein, and James Riordon.)
12-Nov-2001
